Burma Flag
ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသီခ်င္းမ်ား(Politics Song)
Wednesday, 31 October 2012
Saturday, 27 October 2012
တရုတ္ သံရံုး ၏ ျမန္မာ ႏိုင္ငံ တြင္း ေျခရႈပ္ မႈ မ်ား
တစ္ဆင့္ ကခ်င္ ျပည္နယ္ မွ ထြက္ ရွိ ေသာ ေက်ာက္စိမ္း မ်ား ကို သံတမန္ ကင္းလြတ္ခြင့္ အပါအ၀င္ နည္း မ်ဳိးစံု ျဖင့္ ၀ယ္ယူ၍ နယူးေယာက္ ၊ ပါရီရွိ ေက်ာက္ စိမ္း ႏွင့္ လက္၀တ္ လက္စား ေစ်းကြက္ သို ့ ျပန္ လည္ ေရာင္းခ်သည္။
က်န္ပိုင္လီ သည္ ပီကင္း ေက်ာက္စိမ္း ႏွင့္ လက္၀တ္ရတနာ ကုမၸဏီ ၏
ဥကၠဌ ၊ အမႈေဆာင္အရာ ရွိ ခ်ဳပ္ လည္း ျဖစ္ၿပီး တရုတ္ ေက်ာက္မ်က္ ရတ
နာ အသင္း ၏ ဒုဥကၠဌ လည္း ျဖစ္သည္။ က်န္ သည္ ဘူမိေဗဒ ပညာရွင္
တစ္ေယာက္ ျဖစ္သည္။ ေက်ာက္စိမ္း ႏွင့္ စိန္ ကို အထူး ကၽြမ္းက်င္သည္။
ဒိန္းမတ္ႏွင့္ေနာ္ေဝး ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားက ျမန္မာျပည္တြင္ သံရံုးဖြင့္လွစ္မည္။
ေနာ္ေ၀းနဲ႔
ဒိန္းမတ္၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ေတြ မၾကာခင္မွာ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံကုိသြားေရာက္ၿပီး
သက္ဆုိင္ရာ ႏုိင္ငံ အသီးသီးအတြက္ သံရုံးေတြ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕မွာ
ဖြင့္လွစ္ၾကေတာ့မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့ တႏွစ္ေလာက္ အတြင္း
ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံမွာ ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့တဲ့ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈေတြ အေပၚ ေက်နပ္
အားရမႈရွိတဲ့အတြက္ အခုလုိ သံရုံးဖြင့္ဖုိ႔ ဆုံးျဖတ္လုိက္တာလုိ႔
ေနာ္ေ၀းအစုိးရ တာ၀န္ရွိသူေတြက ေျပာၾကားလုိက္ၿပီး ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ ၂ ဦးစလုံးဟာ
သမၼတ ဦးသိန္းစိန္နဲ႔ ျမန္မာ့ ဒီမုိကေရစီ အေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္
ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္ တုိ႔နဲ႔လည္း ေနျပည္ေတာ္မွာ ေတြ႔ဆုံၾကမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
အျပည့္အစုံကုိေတာ့ ဆက္သြယ္ စုံစမ္းထားတဲ့ ကုိေဇာ္၀င္းလႈိင္က တင္ျပေပးပါမယ္။
ေနာ္ဒစ္လုိ႔ေခၚတဲ့ ေျမာက္အတၱလႏၱိတ္ေဒသက ေနာ္ေ၀းနဲ႔ ဒိန္းမတ္ ၂ ႏုိင္ငံဟာ ပထမဆုံးအႀကိမ္အျဖစ္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံမွာ သံရုံးေတြ ဖြင့္လွစ္ၾကေတာ့မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီသံရုံးဖြင့္ပြဲေတြကုိ ေနာ္ေ၀း၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ Jens Stoltenberg နဲ႔ ဒိန္းမတ္၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ Ms. Helle Thorning Schmidt လည္း တက္ေရာက္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ေနာ္ေ၀း၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ မစၥတာ စတုိလ္တန္ဘာ့ခ္ကေတာ့ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံကုိ ႏုိ၀င္ဘာလ ၃ ရက္ေန႔မွာ ေရာက္ရွိမွာျဖစ္ၿပီးေတာ့ ႏုိ၀င္ဘာလ ၄ ရက္ေန႔ တနဂၤေႏြေန႔မွာ သံရုံးဖြင့္လွစ္ပြဲကုိ တက္ေရာက္မွာ ျဖစ္တယ္လုိ႔ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ရုံး ျပန္ၾကားေရးအရာရွိ Arvid Samland က ေျပာပါတယ္။
“ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဟာ စေနေန႔မွာ ေနျပည္ေတာ္ကုိ ေရာက္ပါမယ္။ အဲဒီမွာ သမၼတ ဦးသိန္းစိန္နဲ႔ စေနေန႔ ညေနပုိင္းမွာေတြ႔ၿပီး ေနာက္တေန႔ မနက္ပုိင္းမွာေတာ့ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္နဲ႔ ေတြ႔ပါမယ္။ တနဂၤေန႔ ေန႔လည္ပုိင္းမွာ ရန္ကုန္ကုိသြားၿပီး ဒိန္းမတ္ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္နဲ႔ အတူ သံရုံးဖြင့္ပြဲကုိ တက္ေရာက္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။”
ေနာ္ေ၀းနဲ႔ ဒိန္းမတ္ႏုိင္ငံတုိ႔ဟာ အေဆာက္အဦးတခုထဲမွာ သံရုံးေတြကုိ အတူတြဲဖြင့္ၾကမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ပုိင္းက်မွ ေျမာက္အတၱလႏၱိတ္ ႏုိင္ငံေတြထဲက သံရုံးဖြင့္လုိတဲ့ ႏုိင္ငံေတြတုိးလာေကာင္း တုိးလာႏုိင္သလုိ႔ သူတုိ႔အေနနဲ႔လည္း သံရုံးေတြကုိ သီးျခားစီခြဲဖြင့္သြားေကာင္း ဖြင့္သြားမယ္လုိ႔ Arvid Samland က ေျပာပါတယ္။
ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံအတြင္း ျဖစ္ေပၚေနတဲ့ ႏုိင္ငံေရးအရ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈေတြကုိ ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံအေနနဲ႔ အနီးကပ္ ေလ့လာ ေစာင့္ၾကည့္ေနခဲ့တဲ့အေၾကာင္းလည္း Arvid Samland က ေျပာပါတယ္။
“ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံအတြင္း ျဖစ္ေပၚ ေျပာင္းလဲေနတဲ့ အေျခအေနေတြကုိ ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံအေနန႔ဲ ကာလအေတာ္ၾကာ ေစာင့္ၾကည့္ေနခဲ့ပါတယ္။ လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့ တႏွစ္အတြင္း ဖြံႊ႔ၿဖိဳးတုိးတက္မႈေတြဟာ အားရ ေက်နပ္စရာ ေကာင္းပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္လည္း ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံအေနနဲ႔ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံမွာ သံရုံးဖြင့္ဖုိ႔ ျဖစ္လာတာပါ။”
ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံဟာ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံနဲ႔ သံတမန္ အဆက္အသြယ္ေတြ ၁၉၅၆ ခုႏွစ္မွာ စတင္ တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့ေပမယ့္လည္း ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံမွာ သံရုံး ဖြင့္ခဲ့ျခင္း မရွိပါဘူး။ လက္ရွိအေျခအေနမွာေတာ့ ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံရဲ႕ သံတမန္ေရးရာ ကိစၥေတြကုိ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕မွာရွိတဲ့ ၿဗိတိသွ်သံရုံးက ဘန္ေကာက္မွာရွိတဲ့ ေနာ္ေ၀းသံရုံးနဲ႔အတူ ပူးတြဲ တာ၀န္ယူ လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးေနတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ဒိန္းမတ္ႏုိင္ငံဟာလည္း ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံနဲ႔ သံတမန္အဆက္အသြယ္ေတြ ၁၉၅၅ ခုႏွစ္မွာ စတင္ တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့ေပမယ့္ ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံနည္းတူ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံမွာ သံရုံး ဖြင့္ခဲ့ျခင္း မရွိပါဘူး။ ဒိန္းမတ္ႏုိင္ငံရဲ႕ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံဆုိင္ရာ သံတမန္ေရးရာ ကိစၥေတြကုိ ထုိင္းႏုိင္ငံ ဘန္ေကာက္ၿမိဳ႕မွာရွိတဲ့ ဒိန္းမတ္သံရုံးက တာ၀န္ယူ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးေနတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ေနာ္ဒစ္လုိ႔ေခၚတဲ့ ေျမာက္အတၱလႏၱိတ္ေဒသက ေနာ္ေ၀းနဲ႔ ဒိန္းမတ္ ၂ ႏုိင္ငံဟာ ပထမဆုံးအႀကိမ္အျဖစ္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံမွာ သံရုံးေတြ ဖြင့္လွစ္ၾကေတာ့မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီသံရုံးဖြင့္ပြဲေတြကုိ ေနာ္ေ၀း၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ Jens Stoltenberg နဲ႔ ဒိန္းမတ္၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ Ms. Helle Thorning Schmidt လည္း တက္ေရာက္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ေနာ္ေ၀း၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ မစၥတာ စတုိလ္တန္ဘာ့ခ္ကေတာ့ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံကုိ ႏုိ၀င္ဘာလ ၃ ရက္ေန႔မွာ ေရာက္ရွိမွာျဖစ္ၿပီးေတာ့ ႏုိ၀င္ဘာလ ၄ ရက္ေန႔ တနဂၤေႏြေန႔မွာ သံရုံးဖြင့္လွစ္ပြဲကုိ တက္ေရာက္မွာ ျဖစ္တယ္လုိ႔ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ရုံး ျပန္ၾကားေရးအရာရွိ Arvid Samland က ေျပာပါတယ္။
“ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဟာ စေနေန႔မွာ ေနျပည္ေတာ္ကုိ ေရာက္ပါမယ္။ အဲဒီမွာ သမၼတ ဦးသိန္းစိန္နဲ႔ စေနေန႔ ညေနပုိင္းမွာေတြ႔ၿပီး ေနာက္တေန႔ မနက္ပုိင္းမွာေတာ့ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္နဲ႔ ေတြ႔ပါမယ္။ တနဂၤေန႔ ေန႔လည္ပုိင္းမွာ ရန္ကုန္ကုိသြားၿပီး ဒိန္းမတ္ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္နဲ႔ အတူ သံရုံးဖြင့္ပြဲကုိ တက္ေရာက္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။”
ေနာ္ေ၀းနဲ႔ ဒိန္းမတ္ႏုိင္ငံတုိ႔ဟာ အေဆာက္အဦးတခုထဲမွာ သံရုံးေတြကုိ အတူတြဲဖြင့္ၾကမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ပုိင္းက်မွ ေျမာက္အတၱလႏၱိတ္ ႏုိင္ငံေတြထဲက သံရုံးဖြင့္လုိတဲ့ ႏုိင္ငံေတြတုိးလာေကာင္း တုိးလာႏုိင္သလုိ႔ သူတုိ႔အေနနဲ႔လည္း သံရုံးေတြကုိ သီးျခားစီခြဲဖြင့္သြားေကာင္း ဖြင့္သြားမယ္လုိ႔ Arvid Samland က ေျပာပါတယ္။
ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံအတြင္း ျဖစ္ေပၚေနတဲ့ ႏုိင္ငံေရးအရ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈေတြကုိ ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံအေနနဲ႔ အနီးကပ္ ေလ့လာ ေစာင့္ၾကည့္ေနခဲ့တဲ့အေၾကာင္းလည္း Arvid Samland က ေျပာပါတယ္။
“ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံအတြင္း ျဖစ္ေပၚ ေျပာင္းလဲေနတဲ့ အေျခအေနေတြကုိ ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံအေနန႔ဲ ကာလအေတာ္ၾကာ ေစာင့္ၾကည့္ေနခဲ့ပါတယ္။ လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့ တႏွစ္အတြင္း ဖြံႊ႔ၿဖိဳးတုိးတက္မႈေတြဟာ အားရ ေက်နပ္စရာ ေကာင္းပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္လည္း ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံအေနနဲ႔ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံမွာ သံရုံးဖြင့္ဖုိ႔ ျဖစ္လာတာပါ။”
ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံဟာ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံနဲ႔ သံတမန္ အဆက္အသြယ္ေတြ ၁၉၅၆ ခုႏွစ္မွာ စတင္ တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့ေပမယ့္လည္း ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံမွာ သံရုံး ဖြင့္ခဲ့ျခင္း မရွိပါဘူး။ လက္ရွိအေျခအေနမွာေတာ့ ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံရဲ႕ သံတမန္ေရးရာ ကိစၥေတြကုိ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕မွာရွိတဲ့ ၿဗိတိသွ်သံရုံးက ဘန္ေကာက္မွာရွိတဲ့ ေနာ္ေ၀းသံရုံးနဲ႔အတူ ပူးတြဲ တာ၀န္ယူ လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးေနတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ဒိန္းမတ္ႏုိင္ငံဟာလည္း ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံနဲ႔ သံတမန္အဆက္အသြယ္ေတြ ၁၉၅၅ ခုႏွစ္မွာ စတင္ တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့ေပမယ့္ ေနာ္ေ၀းႏုိင္ငံနည္းတူ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံမွာ သံရုံး ဖြင့္ခဲ့ျခင္း မရွိပါဘူး။ ဒိန္းမတ္ႏုိင္ငံရဲ႕ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံဆုိင္ရာ သံတမန္ေရးရာ ကိစၥေတြကုိ ထုိင္းႏုိင္ငံ ဘန္ေကာက္ၿမိဳ႕မွာရွိတဲ့ ဒိန္းမတ္သံရုံးက တာ၀န္ယူ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးေနတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ကေလး-ရိဒ္ ဂ်စ္ကားတစင္း တိမ္းေမွာက္
October 28, 2012
၂၀၁၂ ခုႏွစ္၊ ေအာက္တိုဘာလ (၁၆) ရက္ေန႔တြင္ အိႏၵိယ-ျမန္မာ
ကုန္သြယ္ေရး အမွတ္ (၂) လမ္းမေပၚ တြင္ ကေလး-ရိဒ္ ကုန္တင္ ယာဥ္လိုင္းတခုမွ
ဂ်စ္ကား တစီး တိမ္းေမွာက္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။
ကေလး-ရိဒ္ကုန္တင္
ယာဥ္လိုင္းတခုျဖစ္ေသာ ဂ်စ္ကား (၆ဂ/၆၁၇) သည္ တီးတိန္ျမိဳ႕နယ္၊ Laitui ရြာ
အနီး၊ မိုင္တိုင္အမွတ္ (၉/၇) ႏွင့္ (၁၀/၀) အၾကားတြင္
လမ္းခရီးဆိုးရြားျခင္းႏွင့္ ယာဥ္ေမာင္း ျဖစ္သူ၏ မဆင္မျခင္ ဂီယာလႊတ္ကာ
ေမာင္းျခင္း ေၾကာင့္ ယာဥ္မေတာ္တဆျဖစ္ကာ ေပ (၅၀) ခန္႔ လိမ့္ကာ
တိမ္းေမွာက္သြားရျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္ဟု သိရ သည္။
ထိုသို႔ယာဥ္တိမ္းေမွာက္ျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ယာဥ္ေပၚတြင္
လိုက္ပါစီးနင္းသည့္ (၉) ဦးအနက္ Pu Vungh Lian Pau ၏ သမီးျဖစ္ေသာ Lia Cing
Sian Lun (အသက္ ၂၁ ႏွစ္) သည္ ပြဲခ်င္းျပီးေသဆံုးသြားခဲ့ျပီး က်န္ (၈) ဦး
ဒဏ္ရာ အျပင္းအထန္ ရရွိခဲ့ၾကေၾကာင္း သိရွိရသည္။
ဒဏ္ရာရရွိေသာ (၈) ဦးမွာ- Lailo ရြာမွ Pa Zam Deih Piang (အသက္ ၃၂
ႏွစ္)၊ Lia Mang Suan Ngaih (အသက္ ၁၈ ႏွစ္) ႏွင့္ ကေလးငယ္ Tg Hang Cin
Mang (အသက္ ၈ ႏွစ္)Vangteh ရြာမွ Pa Thang Deih Mung (အသက္ ၂၇ ႏွစ္)၊ Lia
De Don (အသက္ ၁၈ ႏွစ္) ႏွင့္ Tg. Thang Ngaih Tuan (အသက္ ၂၂ ႏွစ္)၊
တီးတိန္ျမိဳ႕ Leilum ရပ္ကြက္မွ Pa Langh Khan Thang (အသက္ ၃၇ ႏွစ္)၊
ဒရိုင္ဘာ ျဖစ္ေသာ Pa Zam Sawm Lian တို႔ ျဖစ္ျပီး၊ တီးတိန္ျမိဳ႕
ျပည္သူ႔ေဆးရံုတြင္ ေဆးကုသမႈ ခံယူ လ်က္ရွိသည္ဟု သိရသည္။
မဆင္မျခင္ေမာင္းႏွင္ေသာ တီးတိန္ျမိဳ႕ Sakollam
ရပ္ကြက္တြင္ေနထိုင္ေသာ Pu Khup Khan Mang ၏ သား Pa Zam Sawm Lian (အသက္ ၃၂
ႏွစ္) အား တီးတိန္ျမိဳ႕နယ္ရဲစခန္းတြင္ ျပစ္မွဳ (၃၀၄-က/၃၇) နွင့္
အမွဳဖြင့္ထားသည္ဟု သတင္းရရွိပါသည္။
ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္သည္ လမ္းပန္းဆက္သြယ္ေရး ဆိုးရြားလွျပီး၊ မိုးရာသီတြင္
ေျမျပိဳျခင္း၊ လမ္းေခ်ာ္ကာ ယာဥ္တိမ္းေမွာက္ျခင္းမ်ား မၾကာခဏ
ျဖစ္ပြားေလ့ရွိသည္။
CNF စီးပြါးေရးတာ၀န္ခံ စီးနင္းလာေသာ ဂ်စ္ကားေပၚမွ တားျမစ္ေဆး၀ါးမ်ား ဖမ္းမိ
October 27, 2012
၂၀၁၂ ခုႏွစ္၊ စက္တင္ဘာလ (၂၇) ရက္ေန႔ တြင္ ျမန္မာ- အိႏၵိယ ကုန္သြယ္ေရးလမ္းမတစ္ခုျဖစ္ေသာ ကေလး-တီးတိန္-ရိဒ္ေခါဒါရ္လမ္းမေပၚရွိ မံေဆာင္းတံတားတြင္ တာ၀န္က်ေသာ ရဲမ်ားမွ သတင္းရရွိခ်က္ အရ CNF တာ၀န္ရွိ ပုဂၢဳိလ္ ႏွစ္ဦး စီးလာေသာ ကားနံပါတ္ ၅ခ/၂၅၅၂ ကို စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆးခဲ့ရာ ကာလတန္ဖိုးအားျဖင့္ က်ပ္သိန္းေပါင္း (၆၅) သိန္းရွိသည့္ တားျမစ္ ေဆးလံုးမ်ားပါသည့္ အထုပ္တစ္ခုကို ယာဥ္ေမာင္းသူ၏ ေဘး တြင္ ရွာေဖြေတြ႔ရွိေၾကာင္း တီးတိန္ ျမိဳ႕ေန ေဒသခံမ်ားထံမွသိရွိရ သည္။၄င္းကားသည္ နယ္စပ္ေဒသမွ ျမန္မာျပည္အတြင္းဘက္သို႔ ကေလးျမိဳ႕ကိုဦးတည္ ေမာင္း၀င္လာျခင္း ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း၊ ယာဥ္ေမာင္းသူ၏ေဘးတြင္ ခ်င္းအမ်ိဳးသားတပ္ဦး၏ စီးပြါးေရးတာ၀န္ခံျဖစ္သူ Pu Ro Khawma စီးနင္းလိုက္ပါလာေၾကာင္း၊ ကားေနာက္ခန္းတြင္မႈ ဆလိုင္းပီတာဆိုသူမွ လိုက္ပါလာခဲ့ ေၾကာင္း၊ယင္းေဆးလံုးမ်ားကို Pu Ro Khawma ႏွင့္ ယာဥ္ေမာင္းျဖစ္သူ ကိုခမ္ခန္႔မာန္ (ခ) မာန္(Kham Khan Mang) တို႔ ႏွစ္ေယာက္ ၾကားတြင္ ရွာေဖြေတြ႔ရွိျခင္းျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း၊ ယင္းေဆးလံုးမ်ားကို ယာဥ္ေမာင္းျဖစ္သူက သူ၏ ပစၥည္းျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ထြက္ခ်က္ေပးခဲ့ေၾကာင္း တာ၀န္က် ရဲအဖြဲ႔ထံမွ သိရွိရပါသည္။
ဤကိစၥ ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ျပီး တီးတိန္ ခ်င္းအမ်ိဳးသား တပ္ဦး ဆက္ဆံေရး ရံုးတာ၀န္ခံ Pu Go Khan Nang ကို ေမးျမန္းခဲ့ရာ- "ဒီကိစၥက တကယ္ျဖစ္တဲ့ ကိစၥပါ။ က်ဳပ္တို႔စီးပြါးေရး တာ၀န္ခံအေနႏွင့္ေတာ့ ကားကို ငွါးျပီး စီးလားတာ။ ယာဥ္ေမာင္းသူအေနနဲ႔ ဘာပစၥည္းတင္တင္ သူတို႔ႏွင့္မဆိုင္ဘူး။ ဒီကိစၥက ခ်င္းအမ်ိဳးသားတပ္ဦးႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္မႈ မရွိပါဘူး။ ပူးရိုခိုမားကေတာ့ အဲဒီ အထုပ္ကို ကားထြက္ခါနီးမွာ ကမန္းကတန္းယူျပီး ငါ့ေဘးမွာထားသြားတာ။ ဘာထုပ္မွန္းေတာင္ မသိရဘူးလို႔ က်ဳပ္ကို ေျပာသြား တယ္" ဟု ေျပာၾကားသြား သည္။
တီးတိန္ျမိဳ႕ခံမ်ားမွ- ကိုခမ္ခန္႔မာန္(Khan Khan Mang)ကဲ့သို႔ ကားသမားတစ္ေယာက္အေနျဖင့္ ဤမွ်တန္ဖိုးမ်ားျပားလွေသာ ပစၥည္းမ်ားမွာ သူ႔ကိုယ္ပိုင္ပစၥည္းဟု ေျပာသည့္အေပၚတြင္ စဥ္းစားစရာရွိသည္ဟု ေ၀ဖန္ေျပာၾကားလ်က္ ရွိသည္ဟု သိရသည္။
ယာဥ္ေမာင္း ခမ္ခန္႔မာန္ (ခ) မာန္အား လက္ရွိတြင္ တီးတိန္ရဲစခန္းတြင္ ဖမ္းဆီးခ်ဳပ္ေႏွာင္ထားသည္ဟု သိရသည္။
တီးတိန္ျမိဳ႕နယ္၊ Mualbem ရြာတြင္ သားဖြားစားရိတ္ ၾကီးျမင့္မႈေၾကာင့္ ေဒသခံမ်ား ညည္းတြား
October 27, 2012
ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္ ေျမာက္ပိုင္း၊ တီးတိန္ျမိဳ႕နယ္ Mualbem (မြာလ္ဘမ္း) ရြာတြင္ သားဖြားဆရာမ၏ လူနာ မ်ားကို ခြဲျခားဆက္ဆံမႈ၊ ေငြေၾကးေျမာက္ျမားစြာ ေကာက္ယူမႈမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ရြာသူ/သားမ်ား ညည္းတြား သည္ဟု သိရသည္။ထိုက်န္းမာေရး၀န္ထမ္း၏ အမည္မွာ- ေဒၚျမင့္ျမင့္သန္း ျဖစ္ျပီး၊ သူမသည္ Mualbem ရြာ၏ Sub-Health Center တြင္ တာ၀န္ထမ္းေဆာင္လ်က္ရွိျပီး၊ အဓိကအားျဖင့္ သားဖြားမီးယပ္ပိုင္းကို တာ၀န္ယူသူျဖစ္ သည္ဟု သိရသည္။
သားဖြားဆရာမ ေဒၚျမင့္ျမင့္သန္းသည္ လူနာမ်ားအား ခြဲျခားဆက္ဆံျခင္းႏွင့္ အထူးသျဖင့္ သားဖြားမီးယပ္ ရာတြင္ တေယာက္လွ်င္ က်ပ္ (၅၀၀၀၀) က်ပ္ႏႈန္းျဖင့္ ေကာက္ယူေနသည္ဟု ေဒသခံမ်ားမွ သိရသည္။
“ တျခားရြာေတြမွာဆိုရင္ ခ်င္းယဥ္ေက်းမႈအေနနဲ႔ ၾကက္တေကာင္လား၊ သၾကားတပိသာ မ်ိဳးလား စသည္ျဖင့္ေပါ့ေလ ေက်းဇူးတုန္႔ျပန္မႈမ်ိဳးေပးေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ ေငြေၾကးဆိုရင္ေတာင္မွ တကယ္ကို အနည္းငယ္ပါပဲ။ အခုေတာ့ တေယာက္ကို (၅၀၀၀၀) ႏႈန္းဆိုတာ အခုလိုမ်ိဳး နယ္စြန္နယ္ဖ်ားရြာေလးမွာ ေနတဲ့သူေတြအတြက္ တကယ့္ကို ျပည္သူလူထုကို ႏွိပ္စက္ရာ ေရာက္ပါတယ္”
အမည္မေဖာ္လိုသူ ေဒသခံတဦးမွ ေျပဆိုသြားပါသည္။
Mualbem ရြာသည္ တီးတိန္ျမိဳ႕မွ (၃၅) မိုင္ခန္႔ကြာေ၀းကာ၊ အိမ္ေျခ (၂၀၀) ေက်ာ္ ရွိသည္။
Tuesday, 23 October 2012
ဘဂၤါလီမ်ား ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္ ကေလးၿမိဳ႕သို႕ ခိုး၀င္မႈ႕ကို ပူးေပါင္းေဖာ္ထုတ္မည္
ကေလးျမိဳ႕နယ္ အတြင္း ဘဂၤါလီမ်ား ခိုး၀င္မႈ႕ အဆက္မျပတ္ရွိလာျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ေဒသခံမ်ား စိုးရိမ္ ၊ သတိထားေနၾကေၾကာင္း သိရပါသည္ ။
"ကေလးျမိဳ႕နယ္ အတြင္းစက္တင္ဘာလကစျပီး ဒီကေန႕အခ်ိန္အထိ တစ္လ ေက်ာ္ေက်ာ္ကာလအတြင္းမွာ ခိုး၀င္ဘဂၤါလီ ေတြ ကိုေလးၾကိမ္ ဖမ္းဆီးမိျပီးပါျပီ ၊ ေအာက္တိုဘာလ ၂၀ ရက္ေန႕ညက ပဲ ခိုး၀င္ဘဂၤါလီအမ်ဳိးသမီးတစ္ဦးမိတယ္ ။ စက္တင္ဘာ ၁၆ ရက္ေန႕ကေနျပီး ဒီေန႕အတြင္တစ္လ ေက်ာ္ေက်ာ္ေလးမွာ တင္ ၃၁ ေယာက္ရွိပါျပီ ။ ဒါ့ေၾကာင့္ေဒသခံေတြကို ေဒသဆိုင္ရာ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရး အဖြဲ႕ေတြနဲ႕ပူးေပါင္းသတင္းေပးႏိုင္ေအာင္ အသိပညာေပးျခင္း လုပ္ငန္းေတြကို တစ္ခ်ဳိ႕အဖြဲ႕အစည္းေတြ
ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္ ။ ဥပေဒနဲ႕ဆန္႕က်င္ျပီး ၀င္ေရာက္လာသူမ်ား ခ်င္းေတာင္ေျခေးသကေန ျဖတ္သန္း၀င္ေရာက္လာရင္ သူတို႕ကို ဖမ္းဆီးမႈ႕ျပဳႏိုင္ေအာင္ အတြက္ ေဒသဆိုင္ရာ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရး အဖြဲ႕အစည္းမ်ားကို အေၾကာင္းၾကားတတ္ေအာင္
ေျပာဆိုေပးရပါတယ္ ။ ခိုး၀င္လာသူ မည္သူ႕ကိုမဆို ႏိုင္ငံတြင္းမွာ လက္မခံပါဘူး " ဟု ကေလးေဒသခံတစ္ဦးက
ေျပာၾကားခဲ့ပါတယ္ ။
ကေလးျမိဳ႕နယ္အတြင္း ဘဂၤါလီလူမ်ဳိး ခိုး၀င္လာသည္မွာ ရက္သတၱသံုးပတ္အတြင္း ဆက္တိုက္ဖမ္းဆီးရခဲ့ျပီး ေအာက္တိုဘာလ ၂၀ ရက္ေန႕ညပိုင္တြင္ ခိုး၀င္လာသူ ဘဂၤါလီလူမ်ဳိး အမ်ဳိးသမီး တစ္ဦးကို ကေလးျမိဳ႕ ၊ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္လမ္း ဗလီေက်ာင္းအနီးတြင္ ဖမ္းဆီးမိခဲ့သည္ဟု သိရွိရပါသည္ ။
"ေအာက္တိုဘာလ ၂၀ ရက္ေန႕ညပိုင္းမွာ ကေလးၿမိဳ႕ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္လမ္း ျမိဳ႕မေစ်း ဗလီေက်ာင္းအနီးမွာ ခိုး၀င္ဘဂၤလီအမ်ဳိသမီး မႏိုအာရွား(အဘ) ဦးေဆာမီးအူးလား ၊ ရြက္ေညွာ္ေတာင္ရြာ ၊ ဘူးသီးေတာင္းျမိဳ႕ ေနထိုင္သူကို စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆးေနပါတယ္ " ဟု ကေလးၿမိဳ႕နယ္ ရဲစခန္းမွ တာ၀န္ရွိသူတစ္ဦးက ေျပာၾကားခဲ့ပါသည္ ။
" ျပည္သူလူထုအေနနဲ႕လည္း ဒီလိုခိုး၀င္လာသူေတြကို ဖမ္းဆီးရမိေအာင္ ေဒသဆိုင္ရာ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရူအဖြဲ႕၀င္ေတြနဲ႕ ပူးေပါင္းသတင္းေပးေဆာင္ရြက္ သင့္ေၾကာင္း " ကေလးခရိုင္မွ ေရြးေကာက္ခံ အမ်ုိးသားလႊတ္ေတာ္ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ ဦးသိန္းလႈိင္က ေျပာၾကားခဲ့ပါသည္ ။
Thursday, 18 October 2012
BURMA RELATED NEWS
U.S. sees "open channel" with Myanmar on human rights
By Andrew Quinn
| Reuters – 3 hrs ago
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The United States has concluded its
first set of human rights talks with Myanmar and is confident it now has an
"open channel" to discuss political prisoners and other sensitive
subjects as ties improve, the State Department said on Wednesday.
Michael Posner, the State Department's top human rights
official, led the U.S. team at the talks in Naypyitaw, the capital of Myanmar,
which is also known as Burma.
The talks come as the Obama administration dismantles
longstanding sanctions to reward Myanmar's leaders for political and economic
reforms.
"The results of the dialogue were assessed to be
very positive and we look forward to continuing these discussions with Burmese
authorities," State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland told a news
briefing.
"We weren't sure whether the Burmese would be open
to addressing all of those issues, and they were," Nuland said.
"We are confident that we have now an open channel
with the government of Burma to discuss human rights and to continue to work on
bringing them where they want to be in terms of human rights standards for
their government."
The U.S. delegation also included Deputy Assistant
Secretary of Defense Vikram Singh and other U.S. military officials, a signal
that the Pentagon also is watching closely as Myanmar begins moving out of the
shadow of China, long its chief regional ally.
RAPID CHANGES
The United States has seen ties warm rapidly with Myanmar
since a quasi-civilian government took office there in March 2011, ending five
decades of military rule.
The new government has launched rapid reforms, including
an overhaul of the economy, an easing of censorship, the legalization of trade
unions and protests, and the freeing of political prisoners.
The United States has responded with diplomatic and
economic gestures, sending Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to Myanmar last
year and easing sanctions.
Myanmar released its latest group of political prisoners
last month, just before Myanmar President Thein Sein and veteran pro-democracy
leader Aung San Suu Kyi visited the United States on separate trips.
"We have all spoken out about the need to get to
zero in terms of political prisoners and we're continuing to work with the
government of Burma on that," Nuland said.
The United States has also expressed concern over ongoing
fighting with ethnic minority groups and violence against ethnic Rohingya
Muslims in Myanmar's western Rakhine state, as well as the government's
continued military ties with North Korea.
Activists say the United States has pressed Myanmar
consistently on human rights but warn that a surge in economic and other ties
could may push the issue down the priority list.
"The simple fact is that U.S. policy toward Burma is
no longer just about human rights," said John Sifton, Asia advocacy
director at Human Rights Watch.
"Now human rights is just another sector that is
part of the dialogue and there are other folks at the table, from the military
to the business community, who have their own wish lists. As a result it is
that much harder to focus the pressure."
******************************************************
In reforming Myanmar, a junta mouthpiece gets a makeover
By Andrew R.C.
Marshall | Reuters – 4 hrs ago
NAYPYITAW (Reuters) - The New Light of Myanmar has an
image problem. That's putting it mildly. Created in 1993 as the mouthpiece of a
military junta, the newspaper once described democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi as
"obsessed by lust and superstition," while praising the achievements
of generals who kept Myanmar in poverty and fear. Its nickname was "The
New Lies of Myanmar."
Now, with the junta gone and a reformist government in
power, the mouthpiece is getting a makeover.
"Feel free to ask me any question! We are very
transparent now!" cries Than Myint Tun, its affable, betel-nut-chewing
editor-in-chief during a Reuters tour of the state-run newspaper, the first by
the international media.
The New Light is the country's only English-language
daily -- but not for long. Among its reforms since taking power last year,
Myanmar's quasi-civilian government has effectively scrapped censorship,
boosting an already vibrant weekly newspaper scene. It will allow the
publication of privately owned dailies from early 2013.
With competition looming, the long-derided New Light is
battling for relevance and readers.
Hate-filled propaganda has been replaced by lively
editorials and entertainment news. Cartoons that once showed Suu Kyi as a
toothless crone now comment on hot issues such as political transparency and
the popularity of Western dress.
And a black-and-white newspaper notorious for leaving its
readers with inky fingers is finally experimenting with color. All editions of
the New Light and its Burmese-language sister titles, Myanma Alin and Kyemon,
will appear in color by mid-December.
The overhaul is part of an ambitious plan to revamp
Myanmar's lackluster state-run television and print media with a public service
mandate.
"When the media is too commercialized it will fail
to present the interests of vulnerable groups, such as ethnic minorities, women
and youth," Ye Htut, Myanmar's deputy Minister of Information, told
Reuters. "So that area should be covered by the state media."
"SKYFUL OF LIES"
Reforming an Orwellian propaganda organ won't be easy.
The New Light has few resources, no journalistically trained staff, and an
office located a 40-minute drive from the already isolated capital Naypyitaw.
Than Myint Tun, 50, graduated in English from Mandalay
University, then spent 14 years in the army before leaving in 2000 to join the
newspaper. "I'm ex-army," he says, before introducing other members
of the 26-strong editorial team. "He was a veterinarian. He was an
engineer." He flashes a ragged smile. "We are very strange men."
Today, the newspaper might feel like a student rag
overseen by eccentrics -- in a field. But in the past, under the junta, it was
dreary and vicious.
Most stories and photographs showed retired dictator Than
Shwe or his fellow generals inspecting roads and bridges, receiving blessings
from Buddhist monks or lecturing morose-looking civilians.
The newspaper called Suu Kyi a woman who "swings
around a bamboo pole brushed with cess", routinely denounced the Western
media ("VOA and BBC airing skyful of lies"), and exhorted readers to
"crush all internal and external destructive elements as the common
enemy."
It also put a favorable spin on the junta's well-documented
human rights abuses.
In 2003, for instance, hundreds of government thugs
attacked Suu Kyi's convoy at the northern town of Depayin. At least four of her
bodyguards were killed, said Human Rights Watch, with credible reports of
dozens more deaths. Amid global outrage, the junta put Suu Kyi under house
arrest again and didn't release her until November 2010.
The newspaper claimed Suu Kyi's supporters had hurled
stones at locals staging a peaceful protest and accused her of committing
"acts counter to democracy."
Then, in 2007, dozens of people were killed after
pro-democracy protests led by Buddhist monks were crushed by soldiers and
police with live ammunition, savage beatings and mass arrests. The newspaper
claimed security forces had used "the least force to disperse the
mob" and blamed the unrest on "hot-blooded monks."
Reforming the state-run media will mean winning back a
deeply suspicious public. "People see the state media as just a government
mouthpiece," says deputy minister Ye Htut. "We have to change this
perception. That's our major challenge."
He believes the newspaper also has a "unique
role" to play in informing the world about Myanmar's transformation.
SEX, DRUGS AND CRIME
Some stories in the new-look New Light remain stultifyingly
parochial ("Lost air-conditioner found in paddy field"). Others have
dubious news value ("Religious Affairs Minister deals with religious
matters").
Increasingly, however, the newspaper provides a daily
snapshot of a once-isolated nation undergoing rapid change.
There are reports of deadly road accidents, a by-product
of a recent surge in car imports, and frequent stories on drug busts as Myanmar
struggles to contain a home-grown epidemic of methamphetamine use.
Crime was a taboo topic under the former junta, which
liked to laud the peace and stability of its rule. Now, stories range from
major timber rackets to minor roadside robberies.
The newspaper also translates the proceedings of
Myanmar's surprisingly feisty parliament.
With no native English speakers on staff, spelling
mistakes abound. A recent report misspelled the word "tical," an
archaic unit of mass equivalent to about 16 grams or half an ounce. Thus a man
was robbed of a necklace "weighing three tickles."
Its reporters rarely report. Instead, they sit and
translate articles from Myanma Alin, Kyemon and the Myanmar News Agency, whose
offices occupy the same compound.
"It's all about translating. Just translating,"
says Thet Ko Ko, 26, who joined the newspaper five years ago. "And when
parliament is in session, we have to work seven days a week."
The New Light owes its far-flung location to strict
zoning rules that banish factories - including printing presses - from the city
center. Built from scratch under the former junta, Naypyitaw is already a
five-hour drive north of the commercial capital Yangon.
While its youthful reporters grumble about the isolation,
its middle-aged editors claim to enjoy country life.
"I like the peace and quiet," says Than Myint
Tun. Even so, he camps out at the office because he finds his government-issue
apartment nearby too lonely without his wife and three daughters, who live in
Yangon.
There are plans to move the newsroom closer to Naypyitaw
and re-open editorial offices in Yangon.
HOLD THE FRONT PAGE
Junta-era editorial policies still hold sway. State-run
newspapers must report, in dutifully numbing detail, the movements of top
officials. When Myanmar was a global pariah, its military leaders didn't travel
much, their movements restricted by Western visa bans.
But Myanmar's reformist president Thein Sein is a
globetrotter, and the newspaper must dedicate acres of newsprint to covering
his recent trips to China, the United States and South Korea.
Recently, the president shared the headlines with Suu
Kyi, whose September trip to the United States was proudly covered by Myanmar's
state-run media, another radical department from the old days.
A total of 13,000 copies are printed daily and, with
colour pages attracting new advertisers, the newspaper hopes one day to be
financially self-sufficient. Than Myint Tun is clearly dreaming big.
"I have a question," he says. "What do you
think of the paparazzi? Should their photos have a place in a newspaper?"
******************************************************
Spitfire fighter planes to be dug up in Myanmar
By AYE AYE WIN
| Associated Press – 13 hrs ago
YANGON, Myanmar (AP) — Myanmar has signed a deal with a British
aviation enthusiast to allow the excavation of a World War II treasure: dozens
of Spitfire fighter planes buried by the British almost 70 years ago.
Aviation enthusiast David J. Cundall discovered the
locations of the aircraft after years of searching. The planes are believed to
be in good condition, since they were reportedly packed in crates and hidden by
British forces to keep them out of the hands of invading Japanese.
The British Embassy said Wednesday that the agreement was
reached after discussions between President Thein Sein and British Prime
Minister David Cameron during his visit to Myanmar earlier this year.
The excavation of the rare planes is slated to begin by
the end of October.
The Myanma Ahlin daily reported that the excavation
agreement was signed Tuesday by Director General of Civil Aviation Tin Naing
Tun, Cundall on behalf of his British company DJC, and Htoo Htoo, managing
director of Cundall's Myanmar partner, the Shwe Taung Paw company.
"It took 16 years for Mr. David Cundall to locate
the planes buried in crates. We estimate that there are at least 60 Spitfires
buried and they are in good condition," Htoo Htoo Zaw said.
"This will be the largest number of Spitfires in the
world," he said. "We want to let people see those historic fighters,
and the excavation of these fighter planes will further strengthen relations
between Myanmar and Britain."
The British Embassy described the agreement as a chance
to work with Myanmar's new reformist government "in uncovering, restoring,
displaying these fighter planes."
"We hope that many of them will be gracing the skies
of Britain and as discussed, some will be displayed here in Burma," said
an embassy spokesman, using the old name for Myanmar.
Myanmar has since last the past year turned away from
many of the repressive policies of the previous military government and patched
up relations with Western nations that had previously shunned it.
Myanma Ahlin cited Transport Minister Nyan Tun Aung
saying the agreement was a milestone strengthening the friendly relationship
between Myanmar and Britain and amounts to the British government's recognition
of the democratic reforms of President Thein Sein's new government.
Cundall has said his quest to find the planes involved 12
trips to Myanmar and the expenditure of more than 130,000 pounds ($210,000).
******************************************************
Islamic bloc: Myanmar office plans in limbo
Associated Press – 12 hrs ago
JIDDAH, Saudi Arabia (AP) — The head of the world's
biggest Islamic political bloc says Myanmar seeks to delay the group's plans to
open an office there amid tensions between Muslims and majority Buddhists, but
there is no word on whether the move is fully blocked.
Plans by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation to open
an aid office in Yangon have brought a backlash. Sectarian tensions are high in
Myanmar's western Rakhine state after clashes in June between Buddhists and
Muslims left nearly 90 dead.
The secretary-general of the 57-nation OIC, Ekmeleddin
Ihsanoglu, says the group received an "indirect request" from
Myanmar's Border Ministry to postpone opening an office. But he told reporters
Wednesday that there has been no official order.
The issue will be further discussed at an IOC meeting
next month in Djibouti.
******************************************************
Marketwire - Centurion Advances Myanmar Gold Project
Strategy
Press Release: Centurion
Minerals Ltd. – 14 hours ago
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA--(Marketwire - Oct. 17, 2012) - Centurion Minerals Ltd.
(CTN.V) ("Centurion", "the Company") is pleased to report
it has executed a binding letter agreement with a local Burmese group to
jointly develop certain gold projects in Myanmar and has initiated the
application process to secure several prospective gold mineral exploration
concessions.
Pursuant to a recent meeting with the Myanmar Mining
Minister, Centurion is encouraged that Myanmar is receptive to developing its
full mineral potential with the aid of foreign investment. Alfred Lenarciak,
Centurion Chairman comments, "We are very pleased with the assistance
provided by the Minister and his department in the mineral concession
application process and are confident Myanmar will continue with its rapid
democratic transformation in providing a stable foreign mining investment
platform."
Centurion has also advanced beyond preliminary agreement
status with several operating Burmese gold mining companies and is presently
engaged in due diligence on these projects.
Myanmar Gold Opportunities
Centurion has identified a number of gold mining and
exploration projects and is negotiating definitive agreements with multiple
potential mining partners in this mineral-rich country.
The gold prospects under Centurion's consideration lie
within two of the major gold and associated mineral belts that span the N-S
axis of Myanmar. Many gold occurrences at varying stages of exploration have
been noted along the belts, but very few have been explored systematically
using modern methodology. Most of the occurrences are of epithermal and
intrusion-related style of mineralization but historical exploration by
international and local companies has resulted in development of only a few of
these into producing gold mines due to economic sanctions and a lack of
investment capital. Centurion has been invited by several local mining
companies to consider partnering with them to further develop their gold
projects.
ABOUT CENTURION
Centurion Minerals Limited is a Canadian-based company
focused on the exploration and development of gold and other precious metal
projects in Southeast Asia.
On Behalf of the Board,
David G. Tafel, President and CEO
This news release may contain forward looking statements concerning
future operations of Centurion Minerals Ltd. (the "Company"). All
forward looking statements concerning the Company's future plans and
operations, including management's assessment of the Company's project
expectations or beliefs may be subject to certain assumptions, risks and
uncertainties beyond the Company's control. Investors are cautioned that any
such statements are not guarantees of future performance and that actual
performance and exploration and financial results may differ materially from
any estimates or projections.
Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation
Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture
Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
******************************************************
10/17/2012 @ 5:44PM |284
views
Forbes Magazine - Socialism or Free Markets? Consider Myanmar
and Thailand
This story appears in the
November 5, 2012 issue of Forbes.
Lee Kuan Yew, Contributor
IN TERMS OF LAND area and population Myanmar and Thailand
are close in size, and i n the 1960s both countries had similar rates of
growth.
But in 1962 Myanmar’s General Ne Win led a coup d’état,
establishing a nominally socialist military government that followed an
economic policy of autarky. The country closed its doors to the world and
expelled the Indians who had come with the British to help in the retail
industry many decades before. Although Ne Win resigned in July 1988, the
military junta remained firmly in control of the country.
During the same period Thailand experienced multiple army
coups, but its leaders chose a different economic path. Thailand became a
free-market economy, open to all investments from all countries, and it
absorbed its Chinese immigrants, who had arrived during and after British rule.
Today Thailand is one of Asia’s busiest manufacturing hubs.
Myanmar Holds Promise For General Electric As U.S. Eases
Trade Sanctions Simon Montlake Simon Montlake Forbes Staff
Because of its closed-door socialism, Myanmar’s per
capita GDP (in current international dollars) has lagged behind Thailand’s. In
1980 Myanmar’s was $172 and Thailand’s, $1,060. By 2012 the gap had widened,
with Myanmar’s per capita GDP reaching $1,950 and Thailand’s, $8,516.
In May 1997 the U.S. imposed strong economic sanctions
against Myanmar for human rights violations, banning all investment and trade
activities. With the country’s diminished economic growth and its multiple
other problems, citizens in need of medicines were forced to travel to the Thai
border so they could trade gems or other valuables for medical supplies. At the
same time the government was allowing China to extract whatever resources in
gems and precious metals Myanmar held.
POSITIVE SIGNS
There are signs of change in Myanmar. One catalyst has
been Aung San Suu Kyi, the third child of Aung San, the father of modern-day
Myanmar. Born in June 1945, Suu Kyi spent many years abroad as a young adult.
She returned home in 1988 to care for her ill mother and later became a leader
of the pro-democracy movement, helping to found the National League for
Democracy (NLD). Suu Kyi was first placed under house arrest in July 1989, but
in the 1990 elections her NLD won 59% of the national vote and 81% of the
seats. The military ignored the results. Suu Kyi was under house arrest for
almost 15 of the 21 years following her initial arrest and was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1991. She was last released in November 2010.
In April the NLD won 43 parliamentary seats in the
by-elections, and Aung San Suu Kyi took a seat in the lower house of
parliament. Her brave presence in Myanmar has been an important factor in
forcing change and bringing about the new Myanmar.
Equally crucial has been the military government’s change
of heart. Than Shwe, State Peace & Development Council chairman, resigned
in March 2011. He was succeeded by another member of the military government,
Thein Sein, who seems to be a genuine reformer. Under his leadership Myanmar
has transitioned to a civilian government.
When President Thein Sein met U.S. Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton in December 2011, she encouraged him to further open the
country to foreign trade and investment. When they met again in September,
Clinton announced that the U.S. would lift its import sanctions, which will
allow Myanmar to gradually close the economic gap with Thailand.
Thailand itself transitioned from an absolute monarchy to
a democratic constitutional monarchy. Regular and rambunctious elections are
held, but the army continues to stage coups whenever it considers the
government unreliable or going against the monarchy. Over the last 80 years
there have been 11 successful coups and 7 failed ones. The most recent was the
ouster of prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra in September 2006. The military’s
interference has resulted in a perpetual state of political uncertainty and has
shaken investor confidence.
Both countries’ governments would do well to remember
that it was the open-door policies of free trade and investment that made
Thailand prosperous and the passive closed-door policies that held Myanmar back
for 50 years.
******************************************************
India, US to discuss East Asia, Myanmar
By Indo Asian News Service |
IANS – 15 hrs ago
New Delhi, Oct 17 (IANS) US Deputy Secretary of State William
Burns will meet Foreign Secretary Ranjan Mathai Friday to discuss the East Asia
situation and the flux in Afghanistan.
Burns, on a five-nation Asia tour, comes here after
visiting Japan, South Korea, China and Myanmar. He will also call on External
Affairs Minister S.M. Krishna.
The two sides will review their bilateral relations,
including the progress in implementing the India-US civil nuclear deal, energy
security and cooperation in developmental projects.
"He will discuss regional priorities and review
progress across the breadth of the strategic partnership, including measures to
strengthen our bilateral economic engagement, and deepen our security and
defence cooperation," the US State Department said in Washington.
Issues relating to the 18-nation East Asia Summit, the
democratic reforms in Myanmar and ways to stabilise Afghanistan are expected to
figure in the discussions, said informed sources.
******************************************************
PRWeb – New Scuba Diving Trips in Thailand and Burma for
the Upcoming 2012-2013 Season
Tue, Oct 16, 2012
Thailand Dive & Sail, specialists in scuba diving
trips to the Similan Islands, Richelieu Rock and Burma’s Mergui Archipelago,
have added new schedules and destinations for the upcoming 2012-2013 diving
season in Khao Lak, Thailand which starts on 1st November.
Khao Lak, Thailand (PRWEB) October 16, 2012
The new itineraries are aimed at scuba divers of all
experience levels to suit a greater variety of travel plans. Divers can now
choose from:
Burma liveaboard trips combining Manta Ray research,
community aid projects and exploration
The best selection of Similan Island and Burma
liveaboards for every budget
Day trips to Koh Bon, Koh Tachai and Richelieu Rock
Convenient half day Khao Lak wreck diving
Khao Sok overnight lake diving, cavern courses and
exploration
Luxury Burma Liveaboard with Dr Andrea Marshall February
2013:
Dr Andrea Marshall will return to dive with Clive White
and Ric Parker on a nine day trip to Burma's Mergui Archipelago conducting
Manta Ray research in the run up to CITES CoP16 (March 2013, Bangkok,
Thailand). The trip will include diving at the Burma Banks, Richelieu Rock and
the Similan Islands. There are still limited spaces available.
Budget, Mid-range and Luxury Similan Liveaboards:
A Similan Island liveaboard is the ultimate way to enjoy
scuba diving around the islands and to explore the better dive sites to the
north: Koh Bon, Koh Tachai and Richelieu Rock. On a Similan liveaboard there
are more opportunities to dive than on day trips. Diving is conducted in a safe
and relaxing manner, allowing access to dive sites at the least crowded times,
providing the opportunity to meet interesting like-minded people around dinners
of delicious Thai food. Most notably on a Similan liveaboard, divers wake up
close to the beautiful islands and dive sites.
Similan Islands and Richelieu Rock Day Trips:
Due to the changed conditions and increasing popularity
of Similan diving, Thailand Dive & Sail will concentrate on providing the
destination best suited for each individual diver, focussing on customer care
and top quality service.
For inexperienced divers the Similan Islands still offer
some of the best conditions in Thailand. Crystal clear visibility, stunning
underwater topography and a large diversity of reef fish and coral life make a
perfect environment for learning to dive. In recent years the Islands have lost
some of their former shine. The South East Asia Coral bleaching in 2010 and
unsustainable fishing practises have taken their toll on the area, once ranked
in the top 10 dive destinations in the world.
Experienced divers prefer Richelieu Rock to any other
dive site. This 2012 CNN Top 10 ranked site still offers the best diving in
Thailand and for this reason Thailand Dive & Sail have expanded their
weekly schedule to include Richelieu Rock every day except Mondays.
Diving from Khao Lak:
Khao Lak is the closest point of access to the Similan
Islands and Richelieu Rock. Regarded as one of Thailand's most tranquil holiday
destinations, Khao Lak's wide golden beaches and lush rainforest covered hills
make the town an ideal gateway for day and liveaboard trips to the Similans or
unique local diving activities.
Visitors looking for the most convenient Khao Lak diving
choose the popular Boonsung Wreck trips. This relaxed Thai adventure starts
from one of the area’s most beautiful beaches, White Sandy Beach, on a
traditional Longtail boat. The Boonsung Wreck itinerary includes two dives, a
delicious buffet Thai lunch, free Nitrox and beach time at the end of the day
for a refreshing drink while logging dives.
Introducing New Khao Sok Lake Diving Activities for 2012:
Nature lovers wishing to combine diving with land
excursions now have the opportunity with the launch of new trips to the Cheow
Lan Lake. The lake was formed in the heart of Khao Sok National Park, a
stunning location of limestone cliffs, abundant nature and calm still waters,
by construction of a dam.
These new dive trips offer the complete Khao Sok
experience: exploration of both the fascinating nature on land and the
intriguing underwater side of the lake. Take a sunrise safari by Kayak across
the lake as the wildlife wakes up, then in the afternoon dive amongst cliff
edges, caves and forests that plunge into the depths of the lake.
Khao Sok Lake, home to a large and intricate cave system,
provides an ideal location for cavern diving and courses for those wishing to
get a taste of the dark side. Entry level courses are conducted within the
light zone of the caves under close guidance of a professional cavern
instructor and do not require any specialist equipment.
The start of the dive season 2012-2013 is here and it is
set to be a varied and fascinating one, full of exhilarating dives, discovery
and new adventures. Dive with a Smile ;)
******************************************************
Huffington Post - Burma: Democratic Hopes Versus
Authoritarian Fears
Posted: 10/17/2012 9:52 am
The world today is an ugly place. Buying dictators
doesn't yield the geopolitical payoff it once did, but liberating countries
doesn't generate the gratitude Americans expect. One nation moving in a
positive direction is Burma, or Myanmar.
Nobel Peace Prize laureate and long-time opposition
leader Aung San Suu Kyi recently completed a two week visit to the U.S. Burma's
President U Thein Sein, officially in charge of his nation's transformation,
also came last month to address the United Nations.
Until a couple of years ago, Burma competed with North
Korea for the title of worst governed nation on earth. Long-running ethnic
conflicts in the east killed thousands and displaced millions. After winning a
free election, Suu Kyi spent most of the last two decades under house arrest,
while thousands of other democracy activists languished in prison. The
government's botched response to the 2008 typhoon left hundreds of thousands
suffering. All the while the ruling generals battled for power and enriched
family and friends.
Two years ago the junta held a fixed election,
highlighted by the refusal to allow Suu Kyi or her party, the National League
for Democracy, to participate. It looked like nothing much had changed. But
then the top generals retired and chose Thein Sein, a former colleague, as
president. Suu Kyi has been freed, political prisoners have been released,
by-elections have been held, press censorship has been eased, blacklists on
foreign visitors have been ended, and ceasefires have been reached with
autonomy-minded ethnic groups. The government/military-dominated legislature
recently forced members of the nation's constitutional tribunal to resign,
suggesting growing independence of even that body from the regime.
The Burmese people are hopeful but wary. A decade ago the
junta liberalized, only to quickly reverse course. Democratization has
proceeded far further this time, but journalist Aung Zaw argued that the
changes are "still fragile." Earlier this year Human Rights Watch
pointed to "abundant evidence of continuing systematic repression."
Several hundred political prisoners remain in custody. A couple dozen released
dissidents recently were denied passports.
Ethnic violence directed against the Muslim Rohingyas has
ravaged Rakhine State in the northwest. Even the reformist Thein Sein responded
by playing on Buddhist nationalism. Bitter fighting continues between the
military and Kachin forces in the northeast; in fact, that conflict escalated
at the end of August.
Most important, observed Tom Malinowski of Human Rights
Watch: "It's not at all clear whether the military is going to cede the
strong power it still has over most aspects of life in Burma." Is the
military prepared to relinquish all of its privileges, especially in the face
of demands for justice over past abuses? The next scheduled general election remains
three years distant, after which the 67-year-old Thein Sein has indicated that
he might retire.
Much depends on Thein Sein. "I believe he sincerely
wants reform," observed Suu Kyi. However, the power lines in Naypyidaw
remain obscure. Suu Kyi urged continuing caution in assessing Burma's progress,
warning against "reckless optimism." Her cousin Sein Win, who headed
the recently dissolved government-in-exile, noted: "There are many
changes, but there need to be many more changes, and that is not happening
now."
Still, the government continues to move forward to
reform. Before Suu Kyi arrived the regime freed 514 prisoners, about 80 of them
political. That was a critical step for the West: "I think the U.S. will
want to make a show of supporting Myanmar's reforms, especially if it gets what
it wants -- some more prisoners released," predicted Sean Turnell of
Australia's Macquarie University. At the same time, Naypyidaw replaced a
repressive junta-era press agency.
Also important is economic reform in what has been a
kleptocratic, state-controlled system. The government recently announced that
it plans to inaugurate an independent monetary policy next year. Moreover, the
Thein Sein administration is pushing a new investment code, though proposed
legislation has been held up in what was supposed to be a rubber-stamp
parliament. Energy investment is exploding this year as the authorities auction
off oil and gas exploration permits: "Myanmar is under-explored,"
explained D.K. Sarraf of ONGC Videsh Ltd., an Indian oil operation. In fact,
the government's ambitions may be growing too fast. It has commissioned a
feasibility study on launching an earth-observation satellite with Japanese aid
money.
At the same time, Naypyidaw has begun to distance itself
from China, its neighbor and long-time benefactor. A desire to achieve some
geopolitical balance may have encouraged the military regime to reach out to
the West. However, Beijing cannot be ignored: in fact, Thein Sein visited China
before going to the U.S. last month.
Washington should continue lifting economic sanctions in
order to encourage the reform process. For instance, Burmese imports are still
banned. Derek Mitchell, America's ambassador to Burma, expressed Washington's
commitment to work with the new government in easing U.S. rules "even if
fully extracting ourselves from the Byzantine array of restrictions imposed
over the years may take some time."
Past reforms should be rewarded and future changes should
be encouraged, with the end of all sanctions the ultimate objective --
certainly when democratization appears to be irrevocable. In fact, while visiting
America Suu Kyi called for lifting all restrictions now: "There are very
many other ways in which the United States can help us to achieve our
democratic ends."
The transformation of Burma remains a long, difficult
process. Many pitfalls remain: "Our struggle is not over," warned
Sein Win. However, Suu Kyi's trip to America illustrates how much Burma has
changed. "We are not yet at the end of our struggle," she observed,
"but we are getting there."
Two years ago few people, in or out of Burma, predicted
genuine reform. Today almost everyone expects it. The ultimate objective must
be to allow the Burmese people to take charge of their own destiny.
******************************************************
Bangkok Post - LVT eyes Myanmar for cement venture
Published: 18/10/2012 at
07:49 AM
Newspaper section: Business
The MAI-listed LV Technology (LVT) will issue 396.69
million new shares to raise funds to invest in a cement business in Myanmar
through a unit of the Max Myanmar Group of Companies.
LVT is an engineering consulting firm that mainly
provides equipment and expertise to the cement market.
Hans-Jorgen Nielsen, LVT's founder and managing director,
said setting up the new entity will give the company a 15% stake in Max
Manufacturing Co.
"This investment is an important turning point that
will put the company on a more solid footing and provide stable revenue in the
long term," he said.
Mr Nielsen said the company will renovate two present
cement factories located close to Myanmar's new capital of Nay Pyi Taw.
Max Manufacturing's daily cement production capacity will
increase from 500 tonnes now to 2,600 tonnes by the end of next year and 4,200
tonnes in 2014.
The Myanmar investment is expected to generate annual
revenue to the company of 100-150 million baht starting in 2014 or a 28%
return.
A stable revenue stream from this project may allow the
company to pay dividends to shareholders, said Mr Nielsen.
At present, Myanmar consumes 4.5 billion tonnes of cement
per year including 2.5 billion tonnes imported.
"The cement business in Myanmar is expected to see
rapid growth such as that seen in Thailand 30 year ago. Thailand's cement
business has grown six-fold since that time, and Myanmar's is expected to grow
by 10-12% per year, based on an assumption of 5% GDP growth."
The investment will be funded by the capital increase,
selling part of the company's Indian investment and internal cash flow.
Of the 396.69 million new shares, 51 million will be
earmarked for private placement and 345.69 million for a rights offering to
existing shareholders in a ratio of three old shares for one new share at 1.25
baht apiece.
The capital increased is subject to shareholders'
approval at an extraordinary shareholders' meeting scheduled for Nov 19.
Mr Nielsen said LVT will divest some of its stake in
LVNT, its Indian subsidiary, by selling a 25% shareholding to Chinese investors
for 180 million baht.
This extraordinary revenue item will be booked in the
fourth quarter.
Chief executive Worayuth Termsricharoenporn said the extraordinary
revenue will help the company return to profit, with retained losses of 200
million baht eliminated by 2014.
In the first half of this year, LVT posted a net loss of
93.4 million baht compared with a net loss of 17.1 million baht in the same period
last year.
Shares of LVT closed yesterday on the MAI at 1.40 baht,
up six satang, in trade worth 58.3 million baht.
******************************************************
Thursday18/10/2012October,
2012
Gulf Times - Myanmar lawyers protest sale of heritage
buildings
Lawyers protested yesterday in Yangon at the previous
government’s sales of the colonial-era Supreme Court building and former police
headquarters.
About 200 members of the Lawyers’ Network marched from the
101-year-old former Supreme Court building to the old Police Commissioner’s
Office, waving signboards saying, “Don’t Contravene Our National Heritage Law.”
The lawyers have petitioned the government to reclaim the
two buildings that were sold to private investors by the junta that ruled the
country during 1988-2010.
“The previous government broke the Heritage Preservation
Law,” said Aung Thein, a spokesman for the Lawyers’ Network.
“We want to stop the new government from passing these
buildings over to private businessmen.”
Former junta chief, senior general Than Shwe, moved the
capital from Yangon to Naypyitaw in 2006, and then proceeded to sell off many
of the city’s colonial-era buildings to investors to help finance construction
projects. The former Supreme Court building was reportedly sold to Thein Tun, a
consumer products tycoon who reportedly wants to transform it into a museum.
The old Police Commisioner’s Office was sold to a Chinese
investor who reportedly intends to turn it into a hotel.
Since coming to power in March 2011, President Thein Sein
has thrown his political support behind efforts to preserve Yangon’s
colonial-era architecture, built during British rule from 1824 to 1948.
“Yangon is probably the largest repository of
colonial-era buildings, not only in South-East Asia but in Asia,” said Alfred
Birnbaum, the author of Historial Walks in Yangon.
The Yangon Heritage Trust was established earlier this
year by Thant Myint U, the grandson of former UN secretary general U Thant, to
accelerate preservation efforts now threatened by rapid economic development as
Myanmar opens up.
“There is a real sense of urgency on this issue,” Thant Myint U told a recent forum. “It’s not something that can wait one or two years.” DPA
******************************************************
October 17, 2012 5:42 pm
The Financial Times - Unrest grows in Myanmar’s ruling
party
By Gwen Robinson
in Bangkok
Growing unrest in Myanmar’s once all-powerful ruling
party has fuelled talk of an internal split between supporters of Thein Sein,
the country’s president, and “old-style” conservatives who blame his reforms
for a humiliating defeat in April by-elections and the rise of opposition
leader Aung San Suu Kyi.
The trigger for any walk-out by disgruntled factions
could be Mr Thein Sein’s re-election this week as chairman of the ruling United
Solidarity and Development Party.
The president had stepped back from an active party role
when he assumed power in March last year, and his re-election on Tuesday night
surprised many even within his own party.
The post of party leader had been widely expected to go
to the speaker of the lower house, Shwe Mann – seen as a potential contender
for the 2015 presidential election.
But Yangon-based analysts saw Mr Thein Sein’s re-election
– by an executive committee vote – as the latest in a series of moves to
overhaul a political machine honed over decades of harsh military rule.
Long regarded as a proxy for the military and for
representing the interests of powerful and wealthy elements, the United
Solidarity and Development party once claimed a membership of more than 15m. It
still holds most seats in the bicameral parliament, apart from the 25 per cent
allotted to the military.
But dramatic changes under Mr Thein Sein have shaken the
party to its core. Many party members are still reeling after losing all but
one of the 45 seats it contested in the April elections, 43 of them to Ms Suu
Kyi’s National League for Democracy.
Funding sources have dried up as wealthy former “crony”
businessmen put their money elsewhere, some donating to the NLD and other
groups. And senior USDP members no longer have their pick of choice political
positions, government contracts and business deals.
Discussions at the party’s three-day convention about
election strategies reflected the slow-motion crisis besetting the once
powerful party, say insiders.
On the sidelines, mutterings from within the ranks
suggested that some want to break away and form another party, they note.
“Its first convention since the by-elections was always
going to be difficult – even awkward,” said a Yangon-based diplomat. “But few
expected this kind of outcome.”
In a move that mystified political analysts, Mr Thein
Sein appointed Mr Shwe Mann “acting chairman”, to run the party’s day-to-day
affairs. The speaker was also re-elected as one of the party’s three
vice-chairmen.
According to analysts, the consequences of any party
shake-out could complicate the reform process by putting more pressure on Mr
Thein Sein. “While he has indicated he is moving to consolidate power in the
USDP, any moves to set up new parties could fragment the vote, both within
parliament and in elections,” said one Yangon-based analyst.
Some say any party break-up would be driven by
personalities. Mr Shwe Mann, who like Mr Thein Sein is a former general, has a
loyal following. Both men were protégés of the dictator Than Shwe.
After years serving a secretive military regime, they
have been at pains to establish reformist credentials. On the surface they
maintain cordial relations, although conflicts over policies and parliamentary
legislation – including public differences over issues such as civil service
pay – have given the impression of growing rivalry.
The reason Mr Thein Sein gave the acting chairman role to
the speaker was to keep him “inside the tent”. For now, “they need each other”,
said one diplomat.
The biggest threat, however, to the USDP is what many
refer to as the “ASSK factor”. Ms Suu Kyi is barred from presidential candidacy
due to constitutional restrictions on nationals with ties to foreigners. She
was married to the late UK academic Michael Aris and had two children with him.
Even if her efforts to amend the constitution are
unsuccessful by 2015, her NLD will be a powerful force, said a parliamentary
aide. “What you might see is the incredible sight of some opportunists in the
USDP – and elsewhere – trying to leap on that bandwagon; or Shwe Mann forming
his own party – anything is possible.”
******************************************************
The Financial Times - Guest post: Fulfilling Myanmar’s
promise
October 18, 2012 4:08 am
by beyondbrics
By Elizabeth Buse
of Visa Inc
After years of international isolation, the government of
Myanmar has a golden opportunity to create a fully-inclusive financial system.
It should take it.
Market forces are already at work in the country. You can
see that if you try to book a hotel room in Yangon. They are in short supply
and some that were going for less than $70 a year ago have almost tripled to
$200. The country has its first investment bank. Government-led market reforms,
promoting liberalization and openness, are taking effect and the outside world
is coming in, bringing with it investment, commercial opportunities and
know-how. However, with few ATMs and fewer point-of-sale terminals where they
can use their cards, corporate executives jetting in for investment meetings,
or tourists eager to discover the rich culture of Mandalay, find they must
still rummage in their billfolds for crisp, clean US dollars.
Many observers warn that this lack of financial
infrastructure, after years of isolation and sanctions, will hamper progress.
However, it is precisely the lack of infrastructure that may well be Myanmar’s
biggest advantage, because the country is starting from a relatively clean
slate. The government can target growth in sectors important to economic
progress, like finance, with relatively flexible approaches that reduce
friction in commerce, because it is not limited to working within the confines
of legacy infrastructure.
Efforts to build infrastructure should not just focus on
technological infrastructure. In industries like finance, technology is no
doubt critical but an exclusive focus on IT without a supporting framework of
rules and regulations for economic growth will be destined for failure.
Equally, provision must be made for scalability and mass adoption and this
element requires consumer trust. A technologically advanced bank that is
well-regulated by authorities will not have a future if consumers don’t have
confidence in it. The triumvirate of technology, rules and trust is critical to
a well functioning and inclusive financial society.
As an example, let’s look at mobile. In Myanmar, fixed
line telecommunications systems aren’t in place and amortizing the cost of
incremental infrastructure, such as point-of-sale terminals and ATMs, is very
difficult. The obvious answer is mobile payments, which have the potential to
reach every citizen. But, according to the World Bank, of the 96 mobile payment
schemes live in emerging markets around the world in 2011, just six had 200,000
active users or more. In other words, few were achieving anywhere near the
scale needed to be a solution to financial exclusion.
A successful mobile payment ecosystem consists of a
secure and reliable account management platform that enables consumer payments
to be stored and managed. Further, rules need to be put in place to ensure that
all constituents have clear ways to engage. In the card world, if someone uses
your card fraudulently there is an expectation that you are protected. Would
the same hold true in the mobile world, if you lose your phone?
To answer this and many other questions it is critical
that rules exist with a clear delineation of rights and obligations. At a
government level, regulations need to contemplate the treatment of new
non-banks in the payments chain, such as telecommunications companies. If your
mobile phone holds your money and you can buy and borrow from that account, at
what point does it become more like a bank account? Policy makers need to
grapple with these questions but the good news is that much can be learned from
the successes (and failures) of other countries. Finally, even with mobile
payments, the scheme has to engender trust. As consumers, we all have expectations
that our cards will work at a supermarket or when we travel overseas. That
expectation doesn’t change in the mobile world and an interoperable and secure
system is critical.
With banking modernisation under way in Myanmar, some
local banks are preparing for financial integration with the outside world.
Additionally, the Central Bank of Myanmar has already indicated a willingness
to have international payment schemes operate in the country. All of these are
steps in the right direction and certainly more of such efforts should be
encouraged. But policymakers should also swiftly put in place a transparent
framework for supervision and regulation. Ultimately, free and open competitive
markets will give consumers choices and with these choices comes trust.
There are not many advantages to being isolated for as
many years as Myanmar has been. But a clean slate may well be one of them.
Elizabeth Buse is group president of Visa Inc for Asia
Pacific, central Europe, the Middle East and Africa
******************************************************
Electricity in Myanmar
The Economist - Area of darkness
Oct 18th 2012, 4:35 by T.J. |
YANGON
THE gradual implosion of an autocracy can throw up tricky
problems for economists. In the case of Myanmar, one of the puzzles is to work
out just how poor people really are, in a country that was walled away for more
than half a century.
Myanmar stopped publishing national-accounts data in
1998. And so the level and geographical distribution of the economic activity
in a territory roughly the size of France is clouded in mystery.
When the country emerged into independence, along with
many others in South and South-East Asia in the aftermath of the second world
war, Burma, as it was called then, was seen at the time as having good
development prospects (cf. pp 32-34), relative to its contemporaries. Today,
however, the IMF estimates income per head in Myanmar at $824 (in 2011
dollars)—the lowest in South-East Asia.
The straight answer, of course, is that nobody has a
clue.
Scholars at the University of Pennsylvania who maintain
the World Penn Tables, which provide national-income-accounts data converted to
international prices for 189 countries and territories, do not even bother
including Myanmar.
Because no one actually measures economic activity in
Myanmar, even estimates of the economy’s recent performance can neither be
verified nor refuted. But that doesn’t prevent everyone from guessing.
Government-appointed economists say annual GDP grew by an average 12.2% during
the decade from 2000 to 2010. The IMF thinks the pace was less than half as
brisk as the official estimate. Some private economists put GDP growth at 2-3%.
Comforting then, as the British novelist James Buchan has
noted, that “economists, like royal children, are not punished for their
errors”.
This is where a trio of Japanese researchers take to the
stage. Messrs Kumagai, Keola and Kudo of the Institute of Developing Economies
(IDE), a think-tank affiliated with Japan’s External Trade Organisation, have
found a way to sidestep the bog that has mired economists who are still looking
for official data to feed their models.
They use the strength and distribution of electrical
lighting at night-time to estimate economic activity on the district level in
Myanmar. Their groundbreaking paper draws on research aimed at revealing the
global distribution of economic activity and map poverty using satellite data.
The satellite image of Myanmar after dark shows the
country’s economy at night—an area of almost uninterrupted blackness,
surrounded by seas of light in India’s (relatively poor) state of West Bengal,
China’s (relatively poor) Yunnan province and the north-west of Thailand.
Among other things, the researchers’ satellite-enhanced
number-crunching reveals that:
Three regions of Myanmar—Yangon, Mandalay and Naypyidaw—emit
40% of the country’s light at night-time. (Yangon alone accounts for 22% of
it.)
GDP per head in
these three areas is more than twice as high as the national average.
Almost all of
the districts that border China have a GDP per head higher than the national
average.
Two out of the
12 districts that border Thailand have income levels that exceed the national
average.
The border
districts with India and Bangladesh, by contrast, are pitch-black, and poorer
than the national average.
We don’t know whether the economic advisers to the
president, Thein Sein, read this kind of stuff. They certainly should. At a
national address in June Thein Sein declared a new national goal: tripling GDP
per head by 2016.
This is a laudable goal, but even if the economy were to
grow by an unprecedented annual average of 8% it would still take 18 years
(until 2030) for average incomes to triple. At a more realistic average growth
of 6% it would take till 2036.
There was no mention in the president’s speech of the
prospects for widespread electrification, which—given that three out of four
people in Myanmar live in the dark—would have lent itself as a good starting
point to discuss future development and, actually, democratisation.
According to research on democracy and the importance of
artificial light, in the average autocracy 29% of the population lives in the
dark. The one that Myanmar’s generals preside over keeps 75% of the people in
the dark even today.
The electrification of Myanmar will take time:
statistically, an increase of $1,000 in income per head is associated with a
1.1% reduction in the share of people who have to live in the dark.
To speed things up, the government either needs to find
or train a new batch of builders and electricians, or to renegotiate its
contracts with existing suppliers, in
China and Thailand. The first priority should be to build a power
infrastructure that benefits voters first, and regional neighbours secondarily.
******************************************************
Tuesday, 16 October 2012
ကေလးၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ႏိုင္ငံသားမဟုတ္သူ ၁၆ ဦး ဖမ္းမိ
ဗမာစကား ေျပာဆိုတတ္သူ အနည္းအက်ဥ္းသား ပါဝင္သည့္ အဆိုပါ ၁၆ ဦးမွာ မည္သည့္ ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကသည္ ကိုမူ လူဝင္မႈႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးဌာနမွ စစ္ေဆးဆဲ ျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း အမွတ္ ၁ ရဲစခန္းမွ ရဲအရာရွိတဦးကမူ ဘဂၤါလီ လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား
ျဖစ္ၾကသည္ဟု ဆိုသည္။
“သူတို႔ ဘဂၤါလားေဒ့ခ်္ကို သြားမယ္လို႔ က်ေနာ္ သိရတယ္။ အခုေတာ့ က်ေနာ္တို႔ဆီမွာ လဝက တို႔ ဘာတို႔ စစ္ေနတုန္းေလ” ဟု မဇၥ်ိမကို ေျပာသည္။
မည္သည့္ ႏိုင္ငံက ထြက္ခြာလာၿပီး မည္သည့္ႏိုင္ငံသို႔ ဦးတည္သြားလာရန္ရွိေၾကာင္း အေသးစိတ္မသိရွိရေသးေၾကာင္း တာဝန္ရွိ လူဝင္မႈႀကီးၾကပ္ေရး (လဝက) အရာရွိတဦးကလည္း အတည္ျပဳ ေျပာဆိုသည္။
“က်ေနာ္တို႔ စစ္ေဆးတုန္း ရွိပါေသးတယ္ခင္ဗ်။ လူက မ်ားတဲ့ အခါက်ေတာ့၊ တခ်ိဳ႕ ဗမာစကား အနည္းအက်ဥ္းတတ္ တဲ့သူရွိတယ္။ စစ္ေနတုန္းမို႔ အဲဒါေတြ အေသးစိတ္ မေပၚေသးဘူး” ဟု ေျပာၾကားသြားသည္။
၎တို႔အား တရားဥပေဒအရ ဆက္လက္ အေရးယူေဆာင္ရြက္သြားမည္ဟု တာဝန္ရွိသူမ်ားက မဇၥ်ိမကို ေျပာၾကား သည္။
အိႏၵိယႏိုင္ငံႏွင့္ နယ္စပ္ေဒသရွိ စီးပြားေရးၿမိဳ႕တၿမိဳ႕ျဖစ္သည့္ ကေလးၿမိဳ႕ႏွင့္ တမူးၿမိဳ႕ ေဒသမ်ားတြင္ ထိုကဲ့သို႔ ႏုိင္ငံသား အေထာက္အထားမရွိသူမ်ားအား မၾကာခဏ ဖမ္းဆီးရမိေလ့ရွိေၾကာင္းလည္း သိရွိရသည္။ (မဇၥ်ိမ)
Monday, 15 October 2012
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုရာ၀ယ္ (အပိုင္း-၁)
ဆည္းပူးေလ့လာ ႏိုင္ငံေရးပညာ အခန္း (၂) ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ (The State) ဆိုရာ၀ယ္ (အပိုင္း-၁) နိဒါန္း ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ သေဘာသဘာ၀၊ ပါ၀ါနဲ႕ တာ၀န္၀တၱရား စတာေတြကို ႏိုင္ငံေရးဒႆနိကေဗဒ ပညာရွင္မ်ားက ေရးသားေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အတြင္းမွာ မွီတင္းေနထိုင္တဲ့ ျပည္သူတဦးခ်င္းစီရဲ႕ တာ၀န္နဲ႕ အခြင့္အေရးမ်ားဟာလဲ လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့ ရာစုႏွစ္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာကတည္းက ႏိုင္ငံေရးဒႆနိကေဗဒ ပညာရဲ႕ Philosophical discourse အေနနဲ႕ ရွိေနခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ သေဘာသဘာ၀နဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ျပီး လူအမ်ားက အျမင္အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးနဲ႕ ရွဳျမင္သံုးသပ္ၾကပါတယ္။ classical Marxists နဲ႕ revolutionary socialists ေတြက ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတာကို agent of capitalism အေနနဲ႕ ျမင္ပါတယ္။ evolutionary socialists ေတြက ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတာကို ဒီမိုကေရစီနည္းလမ္းနဲ႕ ေျပာင္းလဲျပီး၊ တနည္းအားျဖင့္ဆိုလွ်င္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အားေျပာင္းလဲျခင္း (state transformation) ျပဳလုပ္ျပီး agent of capitalism ကေန agent of 'the people' ျဖစ္ေအာင္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ရမယ္လို႕ ျမင္ၾကပါတယ္။ အခ်ိဳ႕ကေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတာကို local level မွာ ဒီမိုကရက္တစ္ယူနစ္ေတြနဲ႕ global level မွာ ႏိုင္ငံတကာ ဒီမိုကရက္တစ္အင္စတီက်ဴးရွင္းေတြ ဖြဲ႕စည္းျပီး အစားထိုးရမယ္လို႕ ျမင္ၾကပါတယ္။ လစ္ဘရယ္ ဒီမိုကရက္ေတြကက်ေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတာကို လူ႕အဖြဲ႕အစည္းရဲ႕ 'referee' အေနနဲ႕ ရွဳျမင္သံုးသပ္ၾကပါတယ္။ ယံုၾကည္တဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံေရးအိုင္ဒီေရာ္ေလာ္ဂ်ီမ်ားေပၚ မူတည္ျပီး ဘယ္လိုပဲ အျမင္ေတြ ကြဲျပားေပမယ့္၊ အမ်ားစုက လက္ခံထားရတဲ့ တူညီခ်က္တခုကေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ အရိပ္ (shadow of the state) ဟာ လူေတြရဲ႕ ဘ၀ကို လႊမ္းမိုးထားတယ္ ဆိုတာပါပဲ။ ပညာေရးကေန စီးပြားေရးစီမံခန္႕ခြဲမွု၊ လူမွဳဖူလံုေရးကေန အညစ္အေၾကးစြန္႕ပစ္မွဳ၊ ျပည္ထဲေရးကေန ျပည္ပရန္ကာကြယ္ေရး စတဲ့ က႑အားလံုးမွာ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္က ပံုေဖာ္ေဆာင္ျပီး ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ထားပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ဆံုးလူတဦးခ်င္းစီရဲ႕ ဘ၀ေရးရာျဖစ္တဲ့ လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားမွဳ၊ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲမွဳ၊ ကိုယ္၀န္ဖ်က္ခ်မွဳနဲ႕ ဘာသာေရးယံုၾကည္ ကိုးကြယ္မွဳေတြမွာလဲ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္က ပါ၀င္ေဆာင္ရြက္တဲ့ အခန္းက႑ေတြ ရွိေနျပန္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးကို ေလ့လာမယ္ဆိုရင္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အေၾကာင္းကို မလြဲမေသြေလ့လာဖို႕ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံေရး ေလ့လာသူတေယာက္ဟာ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ သေဘာ သဘာ၀၊ အခန္းက႑နဲ႕ ပါ၀ါခ်ိန္ခြင္လွ်ာေတြကို သိရွိနားလည္ထားသင့္ပါတယ္။ အနက္အဓိပၸာယ္ဖြင့္ဆိုခ်က္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးပညာရွင္ Andrew Heywood က ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတဲ့ အနက္အဓိပၸာယ္ကို idealist perspective, functionalist perspective နဲ႕ organizational perspective စတဲ့ ရွဳေထာင့္အျမင္ သံုးမ်ိဳးကေန အဓိပၸာယ္ဖြင့္ဆိုႏိုင္ေၾကာင္း ဆိုထားခဲ့ပါတယ္။ idealist perspective နဲ႕ အဓိပၸာယ္ဖြင့္ဆိုခ်က္ေတြကို ဂ်ာမန္ဒႆနိကေဗဒပညာရွင္တဦးျဖစ္တဲ့ Georg Hegel ရဲ႕ စာေတြမွာ ေတြ႕ျမင္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ Hegel က မိသားစု၊ လူ႕အဖြဲ႕အစည္း နဲ႕ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ ဆိုတာေတြကို လူမွဳျဖစ္တည္မွဳ (social existence) ရဲ႕ ျဖစ္တည္မွဳ သံုးရပ္အျဖစ္ ေရးသားေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Hegel က မိသားစုတခုအတြင္းမွာ ေနထိုင္ ျဖစ္တည္ၾကတဲ့ မိသားစု၀င္ေတြဟာ ကေလးငယ္နဲ႕ သက္ၾကီးရြယ္အိုေတြရဲ႕ အက်ိဳးစီးပြား အတြက္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ အက်ိဳးစီးပြားေတြကို ေဘးဖယ္ထားေလ့ရွိေၾကာင္း အဆိုျပဳခဲ့ျပီး၊ မိသားစုဆိုတာကို ' sphere of particular altruism' လို႕ သတ္မွတ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ လူ႕အဖြဲ႕အစည္းအတြင္းမွာေတာ့ လူေတြဟာ အျခားသူေတြရဲ႕ အက်ိဳးစီးပြားထက္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္အက်ိဳးစီးပြားကို ဦးစားေပးရွိေၾကာင္း ဆိုခဲ့ျပီး၊ လူ႕အဖြဲ႕အစည္းဆိုတာကို 'universal egoism' လို႕ သတ္မွတ္ေခၚတြင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ ဆိုတာကိုေတာ့ အျပန္အလွန္ကိုယ္ခ်င္းစာတရား (mutual sympathy) က ေမာင္းႏွင္ထားတဲ့ လူ႕အဖြဲ႕အစည္းတရပ္အျဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ျပီး၊ 'universal altruism' လို႕ ေခၚတြင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ အနက္အဓိပၸာယ္ကို functional perspective ကေန အဓိပၸာယ္ဖြင့္ဆိုခ်က္ေတြကေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ အခန္းက႑နဲ႕ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္က ဖြဲ႕စည္းထားတဲ့ အင္စတီက်ဴးရွင္းေတြရဲ႕ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ တာ၀န္ေတြကို ဦးစားေပးေဖာ္ျပၾကပါတယ္။ ဒီရွဳေထာင့္အရ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ အဓိကတာ၀န္ဟာ social order ကို ထိန္းသိမ္းဖို႕ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီရွဳေထာင့္ကို ေခတ္သစ္မတ္စ္၀ါဒီအမ်ားစုက လက္ခံထားၾကျပီး၊ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတာ အရင္းရွင္စနစ္ (capitalist system) ေရရွည္တည္တံ့ခိုင္ျမဲေရးအတြက္ ေမာင္းႏွင္ေပး တဲ့ ယႏၱရားလို႕ အဓိပၸာယ္ဖြင့္ဆိုထားၾကပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ထပ္ရွဳေထာင့္တမ်ိဳးကေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတာကို ႏိုင္ငံအတြင္းမွာ မွီတင္းေနထိုင္တဲ့ ျပည္သူလူထုက အသိအမွတ္ျပဳလက္ခံထားတဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံေရးအင္စတီက်ဴရွင္းတခုလို႕ အနက္အဓိပၸာယ္ ဖြင့္ဆိုထားတဲ့ organizational perspective ပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီရွဳေထာင့္အရ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတာမွာ အစိုးရယႏၱရားေတြ ျဖစ္တဲ့ ဗ်ဴရိုကေရစီ၊ စစ္တက္၊ ရဲ၊ တရားရံုး စတာေတြ ပါ၀င္ျပီး၊ ဒီလိုအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးနဲ႕ တရားစီရင္ေရး ယႏၱရားေတြကို ျပည္သူလူထုရဲ႕ အခြန္ဘ႑ာေတြနဲ႕ ေထာက္ပံ့ထားေၾကာင္း ဖြင့္ဆိုထားပါတယ္။ ဒီရွဳေထာင့္ကို ကမၻာ့ႏိုင္ငံအမ်ားစုမွာ လက္ခံထားၾကပါတယ္။ ဒီလို ရွဳေထာင့္အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးကေန အနက္အဓိပၸာယ္ေတြ ဖြင့္ဆိုထားတဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတဲ့ စကားလံုးမွာ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ သြင္ျပင္လကၡဏာ ငါးမ်ိဳးရွိပါတယ္။ ပထမတမ်ိဳးကေတာ့ အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာ (Sovereignty) ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ လူ႕အဖြဲ႕အစည္းတြင္းမွာ ရွိတဲ့ အုပ္စုနဲ႕ အဖြဲ႕အစည္းေတြအားလံုးရဲ႕ အထက္မွာ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္တည္ရွိျပီး၊ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္မွာ အၾကြင္းမဲ့အာဏာ (absolute power) ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒုတိယသြင္ျပင္လကၡဏာတရပ္ကေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဟာ ျပည္သူ႕ေရးရာဌာနမ်ားကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳ ပါတယ္။ ျပည္သူ႕ေရးရာဌာနမ်ားဟာ တဦးခ်င္းအက်ိဳးစီးပြားမ်ားကို ကာကြယ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္တဲ့ မိသားစု၊ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္း စတာေတြနဲ႕ မတူညီပဲ အမ်ားျပည္သူရဲ႕ အက်ိဳးစီးပြားမ်ားကို ကာကြယ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ ရပါတယ္။ တတိယသြင္ျပင္လကၡဏာတရပ္ကေတာ့ တရား၀င္ခြင့္ (legitimacy) ကို က်င့္သံုးမွဳျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္မ်ားဟာ ႏိုင္ငံတြင္းမွာ မီွတင္းေနထိုင္တဲ့ ျပည္သူလူထုရဲ႕ အက်ိဳးစီးပြားကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳရမွာ ျဖစ္ျပီး၊ အမ်ားျပည္သူရဲ႕ ေကာင္းက်ိဳးအတြက္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ စတုတၳသြင္ျပင္လကၡဏာတရပ္ကေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္မွာ တရားဥေပေဒစိုးမိုးေရးကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္တဲ့ စြမ္းရည္ (capacity) ရွိရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။။ ပဥၥမသြင္ျပင္လကၡဏာတရပ္ကေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္မွာ နယ္ေျမပိုင္နက္နဲ႕ မွီတင္းေနထိုင္တဲ့ ျပည္သူလူထုရွိရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သီအိုရီအရေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတာ ႏိုင္ငံတကာအဆင့္မွာ autonomous entity ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီေနရာမွာ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ (The State) နဲ႕ အစိုးရ (Government) ဆိုတာက အခ်ိဳ႕က ေရာေထြးျပီး ေျပာတတ္ေလ့ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ အစိုးရကို ဆန္႕က်င္တာကိုလဲ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ကို ဆန္႕က်င္တယ္လို႕ ယူဆထား တာေတြ ရွိပါတယ္။ သို႕ေပမယ့္ အစိုးရနဲ႕ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အၾကားမွာ ကြဲျပားျခားနားမွဳေတြ ရွိပါတယ္။ ပထမတခ်က္က ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတဲ့ အနက္အဓိပၸာယ္ဟာ အစိုးရဆိုတဲ့ အနက္အဓိပၸာယ္ထက္ ပိုျပီး က်ယ္၀န္းပါတယ္။ အစိုးရဆိုတာ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ အစိတ္အပိုင္းတရပ္သာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒုတိယ တခ်က္ကေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတာ စဥ္ဆက္မျပတ္ျဖစ္တည္ေနတဲ့ ေရရွည္ entity တခုျဖစ္ျပီး၊ အစိုးရဆိုတာကေတာ့ ယာယီျဖစ္တည္မွဳျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အစိုးရေတြဟာ အသစ္ဖြဲ႕စည္းလိုက္၊ ပ်က္ျပယ္လိုက္သေဘာသဘာ၀ရွိျပီး၊ အစိုးရရဲ႕ စနစ္ေတြဟာလဲ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမွုေတြ ျပဳလုပ္လို႕ ရပါတယ္။ တတိယတခ်က္ကေတာ့ အစိုးရဆိုတာ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ အာဏာကို အသက္သြင္းေပးရတဲ့ ယႏၱရားတခုျဖစ္ျပီး၊ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ရဲ႕ ဦးေႏွာက္လို႕လဲ သတ္မွတ္ေခၚတြင္ၾကပါတယ္။ စတုတၳအခ်က္ကေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဟာ impersonal authority ကို က်င့္သံုးျပီး၊ state bodies ေတြရဲ႕ ၀န္ထမ္းေတြဟာ political neutral ျဖစ္ဖို႕လိုပါတယ္။ တက္လိုက္ဆင္းလိုက္ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ အစိုးရေတြရဲ႕ ပါတီႏိုင္ငံေရး အယူအဆေတြကို state bodies ေတြက resist လုပ္ရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ- စစ္တပ္၊ ရဲ စတဲ့ state bodies ေတြဟာ အစိုးရတရပ္ရဲ႕ လက္ကိုင္ဒုတ္ မျဖစ္ရပါဘူး။ ပဥၥမအခ်က္ကေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဟာ အမ်ားျပည္သူရဲ႕ ေရရွည္အက်ိဳးစီးပြားကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳျပီး၊ အစိုးရကေတာ့ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးအာဏာ လက္၀ယ္ရလာတဲ့ partisan sympathy ကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ (ဆက္လက္ေဖာ္ျပပါမည္) ခင္မမမ်ိဳး (၁၂၊ ၁၀၊ ၂၀၁၂)
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